Background: Japan has consistently shown a low fertility rate, which has been lower than the replacement level\r\nsince 1974, and represents one of the least fertile countries in the world. This study was designed to determine the\r\nfamily size preference of and its effect on Japanese women.\r\nMethods: We conducted a questionnaire survey among women who visited the obstetrics and gynecology\r\ndepartment of 18 hospitals and clinics in the Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, between October 2011 and February 2012.\r\nAll the women were categorized according to age group and area of residence, and the survey results were\r\nstatistically analyzed using a t test.\r\nResults: A total of 1616 women were included in this study. There was no significant difference between the mean\r\ndesired and actual marital ages (26.70 and 26.67 years, respectively). The mean desired number of children was 2.55,\r\nwhich was significantly more than the mean actual number of children (1.77) in all generations. The mean desired\r\nand actual numbers of children were more in the rural areas (2.73 and 2.09, respectively) than in the urban (2.54\r\nand 1.70, respectively) and semi-urban areas (2.49 and 1.60, respectively). The mean number of family members was\r\nsignificantly greater in the rural areas (3.84) than in the urban (3.25) and semi-urban areas (3.05).\r\nThe most important concern among women who had never delivered a baby was childbearing itself, followed by\r\nthe expenses related to pregnancy and childbearing.\r\nConclusions: The family size preference of the women in our study was higher than the actual numbers of\r\nchildren. The fertility intentions were low among the younger women but high among those living in rural areas\r\nwith larger families.
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